Incumbent Emmanuel Macron became the first French president to be re-elected in 20 years.

France’s election laid bare deep divisions among voters, who worried about inflation, the war in Ukraine and immigration.

Mr. Macron has given France a central role in countering Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, shepherding European Union sanctions against Moscow, sending weapons to Ukraine and deploying troops to the eastern front of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

But his drive to consolidate years of pro-business overhauls—from tax cuts to his loosening of rules on hiring and firing employees—fueled discontent among voters who hadn’t prospered under his administration.

Ms. Le Pen focused on pocketbook issues, framing her 2022 campaign as a fight against inflation. She rebranded her National Front party as National Rally in an effort to turn the page on its far-right history, a strategy the party called “de-demonization.” She also toned down her rhetoric and opened up about her personal life, musing on her love of cats.